Bektashism during the Greek Occupation (1913–1916) in the Gjirokastër Region and the Diary of Grandfather Ali of Gjirokastër

Abstract

This article examines the role of Bektashism in the Gjirokastër region during the Greek occupation of 1913–1916, with particular attention to the historical significance of local tekkes and the testimony preserved in the diary of Baba Ali of Gjirokastër. By situating Bektashi activity within the broader national and political developments of the early twentieth century, the study explores how religious institutions contributed to the preservation of cultural identity and national consciousness during a period of conflict and territorial contestation. Drawing upon historical narratives, memoir accounts, and documentary references contained within the article, the research highlights the function of tekkes such as Zalli, Hajdëri, and Melan as centers of spiritual guidance, education, and patriotic mobilization. The actions of prominent clerics—including Baba Selimi and Baba Ali Tomorri—demonstrate the integration of religious authority with political engagement, particularly through support for Albanian independence, protection of communities, and resistance to occupation policies. The Greek occupation resulted in the destruction of religious property, persecution of clergy, and displacement of local populations. Nevertheless, the persistence of Bektashi networks and the rebuilding of institutions reveal a pattern of resilience that underscores their societal importance. Baba Ali’s diary provides valuable primary insight into violence, propaganda, and demographic manipulation during the occupation, contributing to a deeper understanding of regional experiences. The study concludes that Bektashi institutions served as vital agents of social cohesion and national preservation, reinforcing the intertwined nature of faith, identity, and political agency in modern Albanian history.